A LABOUR RECORD
A labour record shows crop, plot number, plot size, activity and work done (man days). Labour is work done by human beings measured in man days.

A LAYERS RECORD
A layers record shows the date, the number of hens laying, the number of eggs collected daily and the amount of feed used daily.

UNIT 3 FINANCIAL FARM RECORDS

MEANING OF FINANCIAL FARM RECORDS
Financial records are records dealing with money on a farm.

OR

Financial farm records are all records of accounts that show income and expenditure.

EXAMPLES OF FINANCIAL FARM RECORDS

• sales records
• expenditure records
• production records

In financial farm records, there are two main columns of income on one side and expenditure on the other.

The difference between the total income and total expenditures gives the profit or loss of a particular farming activity.
Any produce from the farm eaten or used at home should be valued at current market price.

This should be recorded under sales and receipts because the farmer would have sold such produce for income.

UNIT 4 SOURCES AND IMPORTANCE OF WATER

SOURCES OF WATER

• Rivers
• Dams
• Lakes
• Streams
• Boreholes
• wells

However, all these sources depend on rainfall.

THE IMPORTANCE OF WATER TO CROPS

• Seed germination
• Irrigation of crops
• Pollination of flowers
• Making plant food
• Transportation of farm inputs and produce

THE IMPORTANCE OF WATER TO LIVESTOCK

• For drinking
• Fish farming
• Washing utensils
• Dip tanks – chemicals at dip tanks are mixed with water to make dip wash or dip solution. This helps to kill external parasites in farm animals

WAYS OF IMPROVING AVAILABILITY OF WATER

• Avoiding cutting down trees carelessly around sources of water
• Construction of dams and boreholes
• Provision of piped water

WAYS OF IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF WATER

• Avoiding putting wastes in rivers
• Adding chlorine to dirty water

UNIT 5 IRRIGATION

MEANING OF THE TERM ‘IRRIGATION’
Irrigation means supplying water onto a field to enable crops grow.

IMPORTANCE OF IRRIGATION

• Avoiding risks of hunger
• Helps farmers to grow crops several times a year

METHODS OF IRRIGATION

• Sprinkler irrigation
• Drip irrigation
• Basin irrigation
• Flooding irrigation

SPRINKLER IRRIGATION

Water is supplied to crops through pipes which have nozzles at one end to spray the water.
the sprinkler irrigation method

DRIP IRRIGATION
This is also known as trickle irrigation. Water is led through plastic pipes which are laid on the ground. The pipes have small holes through which water comes out. The spacing between the holes is determined by the distance between the planting stations of the crops. Water intake by the soil is controlled.


the drip irrigation method

BASIN IRRIGATION
Water is led to basins through furrows. This method is good for fruit trees.


the basin irrigation method

FLOODING IRRIGATION
Water is supplied in a plot through flooding. This method is common in rice fields. The land should be flat.

UNIT 6 SOIL COMPOSITION

The term ‘soil’ means the loose material covering the surface of earth.

THE COMPOSITION OF SOIL
Soil is made up of different materials.

These include the following:

• Inorganic matter
• Organic matter
• Soil water
• Soil air

INORGANIC MATTER

• This is made up of sand, silt and clay particles. This forma the largest part of the soil.

ORGANIC MATTER

• This is made up of living, decaying and decayed plant and animal parts. The decayed matter is called humus.

SOIL WATER

• This is soil moisture.

SOIL AIR

• This is air trapped between the soil particles.

UNIT 7 THE IMPORTANCE OF SOIL THE IMPORTANCE OF SOIL TO CROPS

• Holds plants
• Supplies water to plants
• Provides mineral salts to plants
• Provides air
• It is home of soil organisms

UNIT 8 FARM IMPLEMENTS

NAMES AND PARTS OF FARM IMPLEMENTS

• The wheelbarrow

The wheelbarrow has four main parts:

• Wheel
• Handles
• Barrow
• Frame

a wheelbarrow

Wheel: it rolls over the ground to enable the barrow to be pushed more easily. Handles : they enable the farmer to hold and push the barrow.
Barrow : this is the basin or box in which the materials being transported are placed. Frame : this is the structure to which all the other parts are attached.

• THE MAIZE SHELLER

This implement is used to shell maize. Major parts of the maize sheller are:

• Loading hopper
• Drum
• Shelling disc
• Steel supporters

a maize sheller

Loading hopper : this is where maize cobs are placed or loaded for shelling.

Drum : the cobs slide into a drum where shellers are placed.

Shelling disc : the shellers in the drum are attached to a shelling disc which spins during shelling process.

BENEFITS (IMPORTANCE) OF TRADITIONAL DANCES

• identity
• unifying people
• entertainment

TRADITIONAL DANCES AND THEIR ORIGINS

Dance ---- District of origin
Likhuba - - - Nsanje

Utse - - - Nsanje

Mganda - - -Dowa

Msindo - - - Ntcheu

Ingoma - - - Mzimba

Vimbuza - - - Chitipa

When these dances are created and performed by the learners, they may be referred to as educational dances
Educational dances are dances that are created and performed by the learners.

• UNIT 2 RHYTHMIC ACTIVITIES DEFINITIONS OF THE TERM RHYTHM
  Rhythm is grouping of sounds and silences Or
  Rhythm is grouping of actions and pauses
  
  
  EXAMPLES OF RHYTHMS
  
• breathing
  
• heartbeat

• clock ticking
  
• walking
  
• singing
  
• pounding (e.g maize in a mortar)

IMPORTANCE OF RHYTHMIC PATTERNS (RHYTHM IN DANCE)

• assist in setting uniformity
• assist in setting order

MIRRORING ACTIVITIES
Mirroring activities are activities in which you imitate (follow) a leader. The main purpose of mirroring is to make the activities easy to learn

EXAMPLES OF MIRRORING ACTIVITIES

• aerobics (majowajowa)
• swimming
• running
• knees up
• body stretching

VALUES OF MIRRORING ACTIVITIES

• promoting discipline
• promoting attention
• promoting unity
• helping in body coordination
• helping in body flexibility

UNIT 3 SELF EXPRESSION

People use various ways to express and communicate feelings and ideas.

WAYS OF EXPRESSING AND COMMUNICATING FEELINGS AND IDEAS

• language
• gestures
• writing
• use of artworks
• performances

CATEGORIES (FORMS) OF COMMUNICATION AND EXPRESSION

• verbal communication
• non-verbal communication

Verbal communication is usually through language which is culture specific.

Both verbal and non-verbal forms of communication are learned informally during early childhood. Some forms of non-verbal communication convey different messages in different societies.
For example, shaking the head in Malawi may show disapproval where as in India shaking the head in the same way may show approval.

VERBAL AND NON-VERBAL FORMS OF ARTWORK
Verbal communication is communication which uses words

Non-verbal communication is communication which does not use words (communication is through signs and gestures)

ARTWORKS WHICH CAN BE USED TO EXPRESS AND COMMUNICATE FEELINGS, IDEAS AND CONCEPTS

• songs
• drama
• martial arts
• drawings
• posters

The spoken words are the verbal part while gestures are non-verbal forms of artworks.

Drawings and posters are purely non-verbal forms of communication.

Songs, drama and martial arts can be used as both verbal and non-verbal forms of artworks.

IMPORTANCE (EFFECTIVENESS) OF USING VERBAL AND NON-VERBAL FORMS OF COMMUNICATING AND EXPRESSING
Ideas which are difficult to be understood when just said are clarified through gestures, demonstrations and other activities.

THE ADVANTAGES OF USING ARTWORK

• some feelings, ideas and concepts can be well understood
• ideas are clarified
• some concepts can be communicated effectively
• some concepts, ideas and feelings can be communicated efficiently

THE DISADVANTAGES OF USING ARTWORK

• some feelings, ideas and concepts are difficult to communicate through artwork
• communication by artwork can be misconstrued (misinterpreted)

UNIT 4 IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF EVERYDAY LIFE HEALTHY LIFESTYLES
Everyday life is meaningful to individuals, families and communities if efforts are made to improve its quality. A bathing shelter and sun tables are some of the provisions

WAYS OF MAKING A PERSON'S LIFE BETTER

• eating balanced meals
• regular physical exercises
• having enough rest
• bathing regularly
• keeping home surroundings clean

CONSTRUCTING A BATH SHELTER

MATERIALS FOR CONSTRUCTING A BATH SHELTER

• 9 straight poles 2.5 metres long
• 3 long bamboos cut into strips
• adequate grass
• sisal or bark straps for tying
• 1 hoe
• adequate crushed stones
• meter rulers

PROCEDURE FOR CONSTRUCTING A BATH SHELTER

• measure the position of the bath shelter (2m x 1.5m)
• mark out positions for positioning poles
• dig holes one foot deep and fit in the poles firmly
• fix three rows of bamboos strips using sisal
• place grass and work round the frame using remaining bamboo strips and sisal to hold the grass in the middle
• level the inner bathing areas with crushed stones
• make a small drain leading away from the bath shelter

CONSTRUCTING A SUN TABLE


MATERIALS FOR CONSTRUCTING A SUN TABLE

• 4 Y-shaped strong poles 1.5 meters long
• sisal strings
• 20 straight 1 metre long sticks
• 2 (1.7 metre) long sticks
• adequate medium sized stones

PROCEDURE FOR CONSTRUCTING A SUN TABLE

• identify a flat area and measure the position of the sun table 1 x 1.5m
• measure a 0.75 and 0.5 metre area inside the first area
• dig out this space 5cm deep
• dig out holes 25cm deep on the four corners of the outer stretch
• place Y-shaped poles in the holes. Make sure that the Ys face each other. Fill the holes firmly
• place one 1.7 meter stick in the Y-shaped poles facing each other
• place the 1 metre sticks over the two bars

• misuse of human resources
• misuse of financial resources

EFFECTS OF CROSS-CUTTING ISSUES

• environmental degradation
• dissatisfaction of one gender
• wide-range poverty
• illiteracy
• violence
• lawlessness and disorderliness in the society

COMPOSING SONGS ON CROSS-CUTTING ISSUES
Songs are powerful tools for passing on messages on cross-cutting issues because they both entertain and educate.

DRAMATISING SCENES ON CROSS-CUTTING ISSUES
Dramas are powerful tools for passing on messages on cross-cutting issues because they both entertain and educate.

DRAWING POSTERS ON CROSS-CUTTING ISSUES
Posters are also effective in communicating messages on cross-cutting issues because if well drawn and put at strategic places, they easily catch the eye of people and they can get the message from the posters.

IMPORTANCE OF POSTERS IN PLACES (SUCH AS HOSPITALS, ALONG THE ROAD, EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS AND OFFICES)

• posters can be a quick way of passing important information.
• posters can pass information by using only pictures or drawings
• posters can use few words to pass very important messages
• posters can pass information to even very busy persons when they are pasted(pinned) at strategic places
• posters can pass information even to uneducated persons
• posters are a cheap way of disseminating information
• posters grip the attention of people to look at them

UNIT 6 ARTISTIC SKILLS

Various activities that we do in our everyday lives require skills.

Artistic activities like sports, games, making musical instruments, decorating the home, playing musical instruments and producing artistic items require skills.

VARIOUS SPORTS AND GAMES

• football
• netball
• athletics
• hockey
• relay race
• tennis
• boxing
• wrestling

TWO TYPES OF SPORTS

• Team sports
• individual sports

REASONS WHY SPORTS AND GAMES ARE PLAYED

• for enjoyment
• for fun
• for good health
• for socialization
• for competition

SOME COMMON TEAM SPORTS

• football/soccer
• netball
• basketball
• volleyball
• handball
• hockey

IMPORTANCE OF TEAM SPORTS

• encourage cooperation
• encourages unity
• encourages team spirit

RELEVANCE OF TEAM SPORTS IN SCHOOLS

• fosters leadership skills
• encourages discipline
• reduces school drop out
• promotes sense of belonging

SOME COMMON INDIVIDUAL SPORTS

• golf
• chess
• table tennis
• swimming

BASIC RULES OF VARIOUS TEAM SPORTS AND GAMES

• VOLLEYBALL
• The first team to reach 25 points and by at least two points wins the set.
• The ball can be hit up to three times per side (in addition to blocking) before it must go over the net. A fourth hit is not allowed.
• If two or more teammates contact the ball simultaneously, it is considered one play. Neither player, however, may touch the ball again until another teammate touches it.
• A volleyball player can serve underhand or over hand, but can't step over the end line until after contacting the ball. The serve (or any volleyball hit) can graze the net as it goes over the net.
• The volleyball serve must first be hit by the opposing team with a bump, or underarm pass, before it can be hit with a set, block or attacking shot.
• A team will rotate one spot in a clockwise manner each time it regains the volleyball serve from the opposing team.
• The volleyball can be played off the net on a serve or during a volley.

• A volleyball player can't reach over the net except on a follow-through or to make a block (and only after the opponent contacts the ball). A player's body can go under the net as long as it doesn't interfere with the opposing team.
• Players can switch positions during a rally.
• The ball is in play if it lands on a sideline or end line.

• BASKETBALL
• Two teams each have up to five players on the court at one time.
• Teams score by shooting the basketball through the hoop.
• Each team tries to prevent their opponent from scoring by either stealing the ball or blocking an attempted shot.
• The ball is moved down the court by either passing it to a teammate or dribbling it.
• The game begins with two opposing players in the center circle, each jumping to tip the basketball that the referee tosses up. The team that does not gain the tip-off gains the possession arrow and will be awarded the basketball the next time it is tied up between opposing players. The teams will switch off with the possession arrow on every jump ball situation or at the beginning of a quarter or half. A jump ball will only be used again at the start of an overtime period. The possession arrow will be used during overtime periods.
• A dribbler can’t travel by walking or running with the ball more than 1 and half steps
• Nobody can enter the foul lane on a free throw until the ball hits the rim.

• NETBALL
• You cannot travel with the ball.
• There are only 7 players on the court from each team at all times unless a player has been sent off by the referee
• You cannot snatch or hit the ball out of a player's hands. This is called contact. You must stand beside the player until the ball has been left the player's hands.
• When defending the ball, you must stand 3 feet away from the person with the ball.
• Players cannot hold the ball for more than 3 seconds. This includes throwing it the air, no-one else touches it and you catch it again.
• Players are not allowed to move into the areas that they are not designated to
• When the defence in the circle are called up by the referee, they have to stand beside the shooter.
• The shooter has the decision of shooting the ball or passing the ball.
• When the ball goes out of court, the team who last touched the ball hands the ball over to the opposing team. They have 3 seconds to stand outside of the court at the line where it went out and pass the ball.

THE IMPORTANCE OF THE RULES IN SPORTS AND GAMES

• observing honesty
• maintaining discipline during the entire play time
• reducing body injuries to players
• avoiding unnecessary conflicts
• maintaining integrity
• encouraging fair play

WHO OFFICIATES SOME SPORTS AND GAMES
An official is a person who makes sure that all the agreed rules are followed

• FOOTBALL

Referee

Assisted by two assistant referees

• NETBALL

Umpire

• ATHLETICS

Starter

Assisted by field marshal and track judge

• BASKETBALL

Referee

IMPROVING THE HOME
Homes play an important role in people's lives because most of our time is spent at home.

Activities that take place should therefore provide a healthy and happy life for an individual and the entire household.
It is therefore important to acquire basic skills in cleaning, beautifying and practicing economical use of resources at home to improve lives.

SOME WAYS OF IMPROVING THE HOME

• producing chair backs
• producing table mats

• producing wall hangings
• producing paintings
• producing drawings or pictures

ITEMS USED FOR IMPROVING THE HOME

• chair backs
• table mats
• wall hangings
• paintings
• drawings
• pictures

LOCAL MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS
Musical instruments play an important role in music. They help to make music more pleasant.

TWO MAJOR GROUPS (CLASSES) OF MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS

• TUNED MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS

Tuned musical instruments are those which when played produce two or more pitches. This group has all instruments which are stringed and produce sound by plucking.
Examples are banjo, bangwe, kaligo, and guitar.

• UNTUNED MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS

Untuned musical instruments are those which have one fixed pitch.

Examples in this group include drums, hoe blades, mkangala, shakers, nkhwendo, wood blocks and clapping hands.
These are also called percussion musical instruments.

• SIMPLE MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS
• shakers
• visekese
• mkangala
• nkhwendo
• drums
• banjos
• acoustic guitars

The simple musical instruments can be made from local materials.

• SOPHISTICATED MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS
• electric guitar
• accordion
• trumpet
• saxophone
• piano

HOW SOME MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS ARE PLAYED

• plucking
• beating
• blowing
• shaking
• stroking
• clicking
• striking
• rubbing

SOME MATERIALS FOR MAKING MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS

• animal hide
• wood blocks
• strings
• nails
• gallons
• tree trunk
• stones
• animal bones
• sticks
• reed
• bamboos
• plastic papers

UNIT 7 MEANS OF COMMUNICATION

Communication is passing on of information from one person to another.
Where there is no proper communication, problems may arise due to misunderstandings. Means of communication are in different forms. These include:

• use of instruments
• sending of envoys
• dressing of some kind

Some of the instruments used for expressing and communicating include:

• horns of different animals
• drums of different sizes
• gongs
• bells

For example, in some societies, announcement of beer is made through a gong which is sounded early in the morning.
The same method is also used in death announcement.

In the past, trumpets were also used to announce victory at war or the coming of enemies into the land.

In some societies, envoys are sent to convey messages of different kinds.

MODERN TECHONOLOGIES OF COMMUNICATION

• phones
• computers
• radios
• newspapers
• books

WAYS PEOPLE COMMUNICATE WITH EACH OTHER IN DISTANT PLACES

• phones
• faxes
• emails
• SMS (short message services)
• letters
• internet
• television
• radio
• newspapers

CULTURE AND COMMUNICATION
Various art forms are used in different cultures to mean different things.

VARIOUS ART FORMS USED IN DIFFERENT CULTURES

• colour
• patterns
• symbols
• designs
• sounds

For example, in China red colour stands for wedding In Malawi red colour is a sign for danger.

In Malawi and America white colour is for wedding.

Various communities have specific patterns and designs which are used to mean different things. For example tattoos (mphini) on human faces are for beautification.
A combination of various decorative patterns are used to produce various designs of products such as hat making.

There are certain sounds, symbols and signs that convey meanings to people.

For example, a cock crowing at night indicates dawn is approaching while the hooting of an own at night is believed to indicate a bad omen.


Some symbols indicate an identity of a person or an institution.

For example, a cross on an institution may show that it is a church while a crescent may show that it is a mosque.

Certain colours have a cultural bearing.

For example, a white flag on a roof or tree indicates a wedding in some societies.

MALAWIAN NATIONAL FLAG COLOURS AND THEIR MEANINGS

THE IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGY IN EXPRESSING AND COMMUNICATING
Modern technology has both good effects and bad effects on people's lives.

GOOD EFFECTS OF MODERN TECHNOLOGY ON THE PEOPLE

• it has improved speed of doing things
• people can travel long distances within a short time
• Modern technology has made it possible for people learn formal education through online (i.e. using internet)
• It is possible to communicate with a friend who is far away within a short period of time.
• it has made it easy and safe to transfer/send money from one person to another

BAD EFFECTS OF MODERN TECHNOLOGY ON THE PEOPLE

• there is no restriction on what should be viewed on television or the internet
• internet is flooded with pornographic materials that can spoil people's minds
• interaction between and among people reduces where people glue to the TV screens and talk less
• it has brought in cyber crime
• television programmes can also influence the youths negatively
• it has increased instances of bad experiences of pedophiles

UNIT 8 OUTDOOR ACTIVITIES

Outdoor activities are educational experiences planned by the teacher to enable the learners gain a complete understanding and appreciation of their environment.

PHYSICAL AND CULTURAL ACTIVITIES AND ARTWORKS IN THE COMMUNITY
There are various physical, cultural and artworks done in the community. Some of these artworks are produced through:

• painting
• carving
• weaving
• modelling

Cultural activities in the community may include:

• traditional dances
• rites of passage ceremonies

Physical activities include:

• swimming
• nature exploration
• mountain climbing

THE IMPORTANCE OF PHYSICAL AND CULTURAL ACTIVITIES AND ARTWORKS IN THE COMMUNITY
The various physical, cultural activities and artworks found in the communities are of great significance.

• Physical activities
• improve the health of members of the community
• increase the people's perspective of the world

• Cultural activities
• give an identity to the communities
• fosters interaction among community members
• increase sense of belonging

• Artifacts or artworks
• are a source of income
• attract tourists

UNIT 9 INTERPRETATION OF ARTWORKS
Traditional dances, songs and modelled items depicting culture are some of the examples of artworks in Malawi.
Some of these artworks have cultural significance or messages which require interpretation.

The songs and dances convey different messages, and the modelled items depict culture of the society. The songs and dances are performed in different situations for different purposes.

A MAP OF MALAWI SHOWING MAJOR PHYSICAL FEATURES

THE MAJOR PHYSICAL FEATURES OF MALAWI

• Highlands

The major highlands in Malawi include mountains, plateaus and ranges.
Major mountains of Malawi are Mulanje in the southern region and Dedza in the central region. Major mountains ranges are Dzalanyama and Kirk Range in the central region.
Plateaus are Zomba and Mulanje in the southern region and Viphya and Nyika in the northern region.

• Plains

The major plains in Malawi include Lilongwe, Mchinji and Kasungu Plains in the centre.

Phalombe Plains in the south.
Nkhamanga Plains in Rumphi and Mzimba in the north.

• Lowlands

The major lowlands in Malawi include lakeshore areas and the Shire Valley in the south.

• Lakes

The major lakes in Malawi are Lake Malawi, Lake Malombe, lake Chilwa and Lake Chiuta.

• Rivers

The major rivers are the Shire, Ruo, Mkulumadzi, Phalombe and Mwanza in the south. Bwanje, Linthipe, Lilongwe, Diamphwe, Bua and Dwangwa in the centre.
North Rukuru, South Rukuru and Kasitu in the north.

THE IMPORTANCE OF PHYSICAL FEATURES
Highlands

• Natural forests grow on them
• They provide a home for animals
• They are a source of rivers
• They beautify the country
• They encourage rainfall

Plains and lowlands

• They are good for farming activities
• People settle there

Lakes and rivers

• They are a home for fish and other water animals
• They provide water for domestic use
• They are a source of electricity
• They provide water for agricultural purposes such as irrigation

UNIT 3 THE POPULATION OF MALAWI

The term ‘population’ means the total number of people living in an area. Population distribution is the spreading of people over a given area.
According to the 1998 population census, the total population of Malawi was 9, 838, 486 However, the population is not evenly distributed.
Some districts and regions have higher populations while others have less.

POPULATION FIGURES OF THE THREE REGIONS
According to statistics found in the 1998 population census, southern region has the highest number of people followed by the central region. The northern region has the least number of people.

UNIT 4 THE POPULATION DENSITY OF MALAWI

Population density is the number of people per unit area.
Or
Population density is the number of people living per square kilometre.

AREAS OF HIGH AND LOW POPULATION DENSITY IN MALAWI
A place in which many people occupy a small area has a dense population. A place where a few people occupy a large area has a sparse population.
The areas of high population density are Blantyre, Thyolo, Mulanje, Chiradzulu, Phalombe, Zomba and Mangochi in the southern region.
Lilongwe, Dowa, Kasungu, Mchinji, Dedza and Salima in the central region. Areas of low population density are most of the districts in the northern region.

POPULATION DISTRIBUTION
Population distribution refers to how people are spread over an area or a country.

There are two aspects of population distribution. These are densely and sparsely populated areas.

Factors that influence densely population in southern region of Malawi

• Tea estates in Mulanje and Thyolo which attract many people who seek employment
• Fertile loam soils used for growing crops such as maize, beans, bananas and potatoes
• Reliable rainfall
• Trade and commerce and manufacturing industries found in Blantyre
• More towns and townships
• Educational facilities
• Fishing and water supply along the lake
• The sugar industry in Nchalo

Factors that influence dense population in central region of Malawi

• The capital city which has all government ministries and departments as well as some industries, trade and commerce
• Fertile loam soils favourable for the growth of tobacco, maize, groundnuts, potatoes and beans
• Many tobacco estates
• Fishing and water supply along the lake

Factors that influence sparse population in regions of Malawi

• Mountainous areas of Mulanje and Zomba, the Kirk Range and Dzalanyama Range, Viphya and Nyika plateaus
• National parks, game reserves and protected areas which include Nyika, Nkhotakota, Liwonde, Lengwe and Majete.
• Areas with poor soils and no or few industries.

EFFECTS OF HIGH AND LOW POPULATION DENSITY IN MALAWI

• Shortage of land for cultivation
• Depletion of natural resources such as forests, trees, fish and wildlife
• Severe soil erosion because of over cultivation and deforestation
• Shortage of social services such as schools, clinics and hospitals
• Overcrowding in schools
• Shortage of drugs
• Overcrowding in towns resulting into population
• Poverty, crime and prostitution in overcrowded areas and squatter areas
• Establishment of squatter or illegal settlements in urban areas

Areas with low population density may not experience the above effects on a large scale.

UNIT 5 POPULATION CHANGE IN MALAWI

Population change refers to the increase or decrease in population. Population increase is also called population growth.
A population may increase because of the following reasons:

• Belief in large families
• Preferring male children to female children
• Availability of health facilities
• Improved medical services
• Movement of people out of an area or movement of people into an area (migration)

Although Malawi has a high birth rate, the following are some of the factors that lead to population decrease:

• A high infant mortality rate and child mortality rate because not many people take children to health clinics for treatment of diseases
• Poor health facilities which have few or no doctors and drugs
• Poor nutrition
• Adoption of family planning methods by some families

EFFECTS OF POPULATION CHANGE
An increase in the population of an area may lead to:

• Shortage of land for settlements and cultivation
• Environmental damage
• Shortage of natural resources
• Shortage of social services
• Lowering of living standards of people

A decrease in population may lead to:

• Shortage of personnel needed to develop an area
• Availability of more land for settlements and farming in areas where people have moved out
• Availability of more space for social services
• Better standard of living

SOLUTIONS TO THE EFFECTS OF POPULATION CHANGE

• Adopt family planning methods
• Vaccinate or immunize children against diseases
• Improve nutrition
• Visit clinics and hospitals
• Attend health education campaigns

UNIT 6 LOCAL GOVERNMENT

Local government refers to the branch of government which has the decentralised function of the central government to local communities.
The local government supplements the services that are provided by the central government.
The local government is made up of a number of institutions that operate in the districts throughout the country.
These are referred to as assemblies. These include:

• District assemblies
• City assemblies
• Municipal assembly
• Town assemblies

FUNCTIONS OF LOCAL ASSEMBLIES
J Promoting democratic culture and participation among citizens
J Planning for development of infrastructure in a district
J Planning for economic development in a district
J Making by-laws
J Collaborating with other assemblies on issues of development

Every assembly is headed by a chairperson and a vice chairperson and serves for a period of five years. For cities and municipals, the heads are referred to as mayor and deputy mayor.
The assembly committee comprises voting members elected from each ward within the assembly area.
It is also composed of non-voting members such as traditional authorities, members of parliament and members of special interest groups, for example, non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and religious institutions.
In addition, each assembly employs a chief executive officer who is responsible for the day-to-day administrative matters of the assembly.

THE IMPORTANCE OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT SERVICES

• The provision of education
• Construction and maintenance of roads, bridges, footpaths, car parks and bus shelters
• Health services
• Promotion of public health
• Provision of emergency services
• Community development
• Provision of security

FACTORS THAT LED TO THE DECLINE OF THE NGONI KINGDOM IN MALAWI

• Tribal wars
• competition for leadership
• Missionary intervention
• The death of a strong leader

THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE NGONI KINGDOM

• Traditional dances
• The lobola system of marriage
• Patrilineal system of marriage
• Dressing
• Language
• The spirit of solidarity

UNIT 8 EARLY AFRICAN KINGDOMS MWENEMUTAPA KINGDOM
The Mwenemutapa kingdom was founded by Nyatsimba Mutota by 1450. Mwenemutapa Kingdom had Great Zimbabwe as its capital.
The people of the Mwenemutapa Kingdom were the Karanga who spoke the Shona language.

Their king was Mambo.

He was regarded as a living god and was represented by fire. He had lesser kings who ruled in other lands on his behalf.
Mwari was the most powerful god in Mwenemutapa Kingdom.

THE FACTORS THAT LED TO THE GROWTH OF MWENEMUTAPA KINGDOM

• Military organisation
• Political organisation
• Trade in gold, silver and copper

THE FACTORS THAT LED TO THE DECLINE OF MWENEMUTAPA KINGDOM

• Lesser kings fought for their independence
• Interference of the Portuguese in the running of the kingdom
• Invasions from its enemies

THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE MWENEMUTAPA KINGDOM

• Stone buildings
• Use of iron tools
• Trade with other nations
• Belief in one god called Mwari

UNIT 9 HIV AND AIDS

AIDS is a medical term for a combination of illnesses that result from specific weakness of the body’s immune system.

TRANSMISSION OF HIV AND AIDS

• Having unprotected sexual intercourse with an infected one
• Infected blood entering the body through blood transfusion, syringes, needles or other cutting objects
• Infected persons to unborn child (mother-to-child transmission)
• Breastfeeding

RISKY BEHAVIOURS ASSOCIATED WITH THE SPREAD OF HIV AND AIDS

• Prostitution
• Drug and substance abuse
• Promiscuity
• Cultural beliefs and practices
• Working away from home for a long time

MISCONCEPTIONS ABOUT HIV AND AIDS

• AIDS can be cured by having sexual intercourse with virgins
• Mosquitoes transmit HIV
• ARVs cure HIV and AIDS
• You cannot contract HIV if you have sex with a person with a disability
• Some herbs can cure HIV and AIDS
• You can get HIV by living with one infected with HIV
• You can get HIV by sharing food with one infected with HIV
• You can get HIV by shaking hands with one infected with HIV
• You can get HIV through sneezing or coughing

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF AIDS
Minor signs

• Coughing for more than a month
• Itchy skin diseases
• Shingles (herpes zoster)
• Sores all over the body

• Thrush in the mouth and throat (oral candidiasis)
• Long lasting swollen glands
• Loss of hair texture
• Tuberculosis
• Night sweats

Major signs

• Weight loss greater than 10% of the body weight
• Fever for longer than one month
• Diarrhoea for longer than one month
• Persistent severe fatigue (tiredness)
• Loss of memory
• Repeated abscesses

However, these signs and symptoms can be an indication of another disease. Only a blood test can prove whether a person is HIV-positive or HIV-negative

WAYS OF PREVENTING THE SPREAD OF HIV AND AIDS

• Abstinence
• Being faithful to one’s sexual partner
• Condom use
• Avoiding exposure to blood
• Avoiding harmful cultural practices that promote the spread of HIV and AIDS
• Joining clubs to learn more about HIV and AIDS

THE IMPORTANCE OF VOLUNTARY COUNSELLING AND TESTING

• Knowing one’s body status on HIV
• Choosing the expected behaviour depending on the results
• Continuing to avoid contracting the virus if tested HIV-negative
• Receiving advice on how to cope with it if tested HIV-positive

The whole process comprising counselling and testing is called HIV Testing and Counselling (HTC) WAYS IN WHICH AN HIV-POSITIVE TESTED PERSON MAY COPE WITH THE STATUS

• Taking appropriate steps not to infect others
• Taking appropriate drugs to prevent transmission of the virus to the unborn baby if pregnant
• Eating food that has a balanced diet

UNIT 10 THE WEATHER OF MALAWI

WEATHER
Weather is the state of the atmosphere for a place for a short period of time.
The atmospheric condition of a particular day can be describe in different ways. A day can be described as hot, cold, dry, wet, cloudy, windy, and so forth.

THE ELEMENTS OF WEATHER

• temperature
• humidity
• air pressure
• rainfall
• wind direction
• wind speed
• cloud cover
• sunshine

AFFECTS OF THE ELEMENTS OF WEATHER

• flooding
• good harvest
• drought
• high rate of evaporation
• destruction of the environment
• discomfort

Flooding
Excessive rainfall can cause flooding, which in turn destroys crops, houses and leaves people homeless and without food.
Some roads and bridges may also become impassable because of floods.

Good harvest
Sufficient rainfall will have a positive effect on people's lives since they will harvest enough crops.

Drought
Insfficient rainfall will make people, animals and crops suffer because of shortage of water. This will lead to drought, and in turn, famine.

High rate of evaporation
Excessive sunshine will cause a high rate of evaporation in rivers and lakes and dry up. This affects the formation of rain and people suffer because of lack of water.
Water animals such as fish also suffer.

Destruction of the environment
Heavy winds cause great damage to buildings, crops and trees, and may even cause loss of lives

Discomfort
People feel uncomfortable because of high temperatures. Sometimes people develop diseases and animals eventually die. Low temperatures also affect people's lives in that if it is too cold, people feel uncomfortable and crops are also affected.

WAYS OF PREDICTING WEATHER CONDITIONS LOCALLY

• the springing of new leaves of trees
• sounds or songs some birds and insects
• the colour of the moon
• the surfacing of some small animals and plants
• atmospheric changes
• cloud types

THE IMPORTANCE OF PREDICTING WEATHER

• Farmers are able to decide on the agricultural activities they need to know, what to do, and the types of crops they can grow; when and where
• People will be able to plan for their daily activities, for example, when to do laundry, process flour, travel and not to travel
• People will decide on the type of clothes to wear.
• Pilots will be in a position to know how strong the wind is
• Teachers can plan their lessons according to the weather

INSTRUMENTS FOR MEASURING ELEMENTS OF WEATHER
The elements of weather can be measured using different instruments. An instrument is a tool used to measure something.

Some of the main elements of weather that are often measured are:

• air
• temperature
• rainfall

• wind speed
• wind direction

Most of the instruments used to measure weather are best kept in a special box called Stevenson’s screen.
Stevenson’s screen is designed in such a way that it allows free air movement and prevents the instruments from direct sunshine which can affect the readings of the instruments.

SOME OF THE INSTRUMENTS FOR MEASURING ELEMENTS OF WEATHER

• the rain gauge
• the thermometer
• the anemometer
• the wind sock
• the wind vane
• the weather cock

The rain gauge
Rainfall is measured in millimetres (mm).
An instrument used to measure rainfall is called the rain gauge.


A rain gauge
The rain gauge should be placed in an open area away from the trees and buildings and should also be raised to avoid water from other sources.

The wind sock

This is an instrument used for measuring wind direction.
The wind sock

A simple wind sock can be made using a cloth made into something like a bag which is tied to a pole. The cloth will be pointing to the direction the wind is going

The thermometer
Temperature is measured in degrees celsius (°C).


The thermometer
The instrument used for measuring temperature is called the thermometer. The thermometer will tell how hot or cold the place is.
In Malawi, the temperature in November is about 20°C while in June, it falls below 13°C.

The anemometer
Anemometer is measured by an Anemometer.

The Anemometer measures how much wind travels per hour.
The anemometer

The wind vane
This is an instrument for measuring wind direction.
A simple wind vane can be made from a simple light metal or piece of timber or cardboard mounted on a pole.

The pointer of the vane points in the direction where wind is coming from.
The wind vane

UNIT 12 THE SEASONS OF MALAWI

THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SEASONS OF MALAWI
Temperature change is affected by heat. Most of Malawi’s heat comes from the sun. This makes the temperature to change from one month to another.
Temperature changes are caused because of the differences in the position of the earth in relation to the sun.
In the months of August, September and October, the sun is overhead in the southern hemisphere. As a result, it gets hot in Malawi. The rains begin in November in some parts of the country. This makes temperatures to lower a little bit.

The wet season goes up to April. From May to July, the sun is overhead in the northern hemisphere. It is cool and dry in Malawi.

THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SEASONS OF MALAWI

• The cool and dry season
• Hot and dry season
• Hot and wet season

Malawi experiences three types of seasons during the year:

• The cool and dry season

This is from May to July.
In these months, the sun is overhead in the northern hemisphere and it is usually dry with mild temperatures except in higher places, for example, Dedza, Mzuzu and Thyolo where it becomes very cold.
During this season, most harvest takes place and some plants lose their leaves.

• Hot and dry season

This is from August to November.
Temperatures are high and there are no rains. During this season, farmers prepare their gardens in readiness for the rains. Towards the end of this season, most trees bear new leaves.

• Hot and wet season

This is the longest season. It is from November to April.
Temperatures are high, the sky is generally cloudy, and in most cases, it rains. Farmers plant most crops in this season.

UNIT 13 ENVIRONMENT

The term ‘environment’ refers to all the things around us.

COMPONENTS OF THE ENVIRONMENT

• Physical environment
• Social environment
• Cultural environment

EXAMPLES OF EACH OF THE COMPONENTS
Physical environment

• soil
• water
• rivers
• lakes
• mountains
• plants
• animals

Social environment

• roads
• buildings

• vehicles
• bridges
• dams

Cultural environment

• customs
• languages
• taboos
• traditions
• religion
• clothes

THE IMPORTANCE OF THE ENVIRONMENT

• environment is the home of humans, tamed animals as well as wild animals
• environment provides materials for construction
• environment provides land for construction of buildings, bridges and roads
• environment provides medicines
• environment is the source of minerals
• environment is a good source of teaching and learning materials

DESTRUCTIVE AGENTS OF THE ENVIRONMENT

• people
• bush fire
• animals
• running water
• wind

Different things damage the environment. These are called destructive agents. The destruction agents cause soil erosion, removal of vegetation and air pollution.

RIGHTS AND RESPONSIBILITIES OVER THE ENVIRONMENT
Rights

• Right to a clean and healthy environment
• Right to clean water
• Right to clean air
• Right to a safe environment

Responsibilities

• using the toilets and latrines correctly
• disposing refuse properly
• using and taking care of all things they are using
• taking care of water sources
• being mindful of everyone's rights

UNIT 14 FORESTRY

FOREST, FORESTRY AND FOREST RESERVES
There are a lot of forest reserves in Malawi.
These are either planted (exotic) or natural (indigenous).

A forest is a large area of land covered by trees either planted or naturally grown.

A forest reserve is an area which is created by the government for the conservation and management of trees, wildlife and watershed.

Forestry is the practice of planting, caring of trees and the production of timber.

Forestry in Malawi is practised in Chikangawa in Mzimba, Dedza and Zomba Districts.

The following are rest of the major forest reserves in Malawi:

• Dzalanyama
• Kaning'ina in Mzimba
• Thuma
• Phirilongwe
• Namizimu in Mangochi
• Ntchisi
• Chimaliro in Rumphi

A map of Malawi showing forest reserves

THE IMPORTANCE OF FORESTS

• forests provide shelter and food to animals
• forests regulate climatic conditions
• forests provide wood for pulp and paper
• forests provide firewood for domestic use
• forests provide firewood for curing tobacco
• forests assist in the conservation of water
• forests are sources of medicine
• forests assist in preventing soil erosion
• forests are a source of timber for furniture and the building industry
• forests are useful for recreation and tourism
• forests are sources of poles and rope for various activities
• forests are a sources of government revenue

WAYS OF DESTRUCTION OF FORESTS

• cutting down of trees for charcoal burning and firewood for domestic use and sale
• cutting down trees for burning bricks, making carvings and curing tobacco
• opening new gardens or estates
• uncontrolled bush fires
• opening up a new settlement

WAYS OF CONSERVING FORESTS AND FOREST RESERVES

• avoiding and controlled bush fires
• making firebreaks around forests

• afforestation and re-afforestation
• avoiding careless cutting down of trees
• creating a sense of ownership in the communities around the forest
• making the bricks which will not require firewood
• finding an alternative business for the charcoal burners and firewood sellers

UNIT 15 FARMING AND FISHING IN MALAWI

Farming is an activity in which crops are grown and animals reared.

Examples of crops grown are:

• maize
• groundnuts
• beans
• rice
• tobacco
• tea

Examples of animals reared are:

• cattle
• goats
• chickens
• rabbits

TYPES OF FARMING METHODS

• subsistence farming
• commercial farming

Subsistence farming
The crops grown or animals reared are for food for the family. They are not for sale.

Commercial farming
The crops grown and animals reared are for sale.

Examples of commercial farming are plantation farming in which tea, coffee, sugarcane and rubber are grown, and cattle ranching for meat, and dairy farming for milk, butter and cheese.

FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE FARMING

• relief and drainage
• soils
• rainfall
• temperature
• capital
• transport
• markets
• irrigation

PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH FARMING

• Unreliable rains
• Soil erosion
• Lack of pastures
• Water supplies
• Diseases
• The rapid population growth
• Poverty
• Dependence on one major cash crop
• Inadequate markets
• Illiteracy

MAIN FISHING AREAS IN MALAWI

• lakes
• rivers

Lakes
Lake Malawi, Lake Chiuta, Lake Malombe and Lake Chilwa. Lake Malawi provides the major fishing ground in Malawi

Rivers
Songwe River, North Rukuru River, South Rukuru River, Bua River, Linthipe River, Shire River

TYPES OF FISH

• chambo
• milamba
• ntchira
• usipa
• utaka
• matemba
• kampango
• kadyakoro

METHODS OF CATCHING FISH

• Fish traps (mono)
• Fishing net (khoka)
• Fishing line and hook
• Gill net
• Trawl net

PROBLEMS AFFECTING FISHING IN MALAWI

• Overfishing
• Fishing during breeding periods
• Water pollution
• Poor transportation systems to the markets
• Rapid population growth

WAYS OF CONSERVING FISH RESOURCES

• Enforcing laws about the size of the mesh for the nets so that young fish are not caught
• Enforcing laws about dumping of chemicals in rivers and lakes
• Controlling fishing during fish breeding time

IMPORTANCE OF FISH

• Fish provides food and protein to the people
• Source of money to individuals and the country
• Source of employment

UNIT 18 CITIZENSHIP

WAYS OF ACQUIRING CITIZENSHIP IN MALAWI

• by birth
• by descent
• by registration
• by naturalisation
• by marriage

A person can acquire citizen ship in Malawi in the following ways:
By birth
Every person born in Malawi with both or one of the parents is a citizen of Malawi.

By descent
Every person born outside Malawi with both or one parent is a citizen of Malawi.

By registration
A person can be a citizen of Malawi if he or she applies for citizenship, for example, a stateless person.

By naturalisation
A foreigner can also apply to become a citizen of Malawi if he or she:
® has resided in Malawi for 7 years
® is of good character
® follows the laws of Malawi

By marriage
If a woman is the wife of a Malawian citizen, she can become a citizen of Malawi.

CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD CITIZEN
® helps others with food
® helps others with clothes
® helps others with shelter
® helps others with books
® helps others with pencils
® helps others with pens
® tells the truth always
® attends classes
® educates others

® cooperates with others
® reports crime to police
® brings justice and peace
® participates in self-help projects
Those people with good character and do good things are called good citizens.

CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD CITIZEN
® dishonesty
® bullying others
® stealing other people’s property
® beating others
® being impolite to others
® not respecting elders and teachers
® running away from classes
® not doing work given
Those people with unbecoming character are bad citizens.

QUALITIES OF A GOOD CITIZEN

• tolerance
• unselfishness
• cooperation
• honesty (or truthful)
• responsible
• self discipline
• loyalty
• activeness
• forgiveness

THE DUTIES OF A GOOD CITIZEN

• respecting other people
• protecting of the state
• paying rates and taxes
• obeying the law
• educating others
• being independent
• behaving correctly
• assisting the police
• assisting the courts

THE RIGHTS AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF A CITIZEN
A citizen is entitled to rights and is responsible for many things.
All the things that a community or state must do for a citizen are referred to as the ‘rights of a citizen’. What a citizen does to safeguard the rights are the responsibilities of a citizen.

Some of the rights and responsibilities are summarised in the table below

A CITIZEN IN DIFFERENT COMMUNITIES
A person is a social animal. This makes him or her live with other people in a community. A community is a group of people who live in the same area and have common interests.

THE COMMUNITIES TO WHICH A CITIZEN MAY BELONG

• family
• school
• village or town
• workplace
• state
• church
• club
• peers
• union
• mosque

PATRIOTISM
Patriotism is the positive and supportive attitude or love of one’s country shown by an individual or a group of people.

SYMBOLIC ACTS ASSOCIATED WITH PATRIOTISM

• defending one's nation when attacked
• talking good of one's country
• loving and being proud of one's culture
• loving and being proud of one's environment,
• being proud of one's country's achievements
• associating oneself with other citizens of one's own country
• respecting the national flag and the national anthem by standing at attention when raising the national flag and singing the national anthem

THE IMPORANCE OF BEING PATRIOTIC

• patriotism shows unity
• patriotism shows loyalty
• patriotism shows cooperation
• patriotism shows love

UNIT 19 CHILDREN'S RIGHTS

Human rights are a basic entitlement all people must have because they are people.

CHILDREN'S RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS

• Rights to a name and a family name
• Right to equality
• Right to life
• Right to dignity
• Right to be with or raised by their family or those who will care for them best
• Rights of physically and mentally challenged people
• Right to play
• Right to enough food and clean water
• Right to good health
• Right to education
• Right to liberty
• Right to information
• Right to be protected from all forms of exploitation, torture, cruel treatment or punishment and unlawful arrest
• Freedom of expression or speech
• Freedom of association

CHILDREN'S RIGHTS AND RESPONSIBILITIES

VIOLATION AND ABUSE OF CHILDREN'S RIGHTS
To violate means to act against or break children's rights. Abuse is the cruel or violent treatment of children.
Both violation and abuse of children’s rights occur at home, school and in the community. They are committed by parents, individuals, teachers and children themselves.
Child abuse affects all children but the most disadvantaged are orphans, abandoned children, street children, domestic workers, child labourers and children with special needs.

EXAMPLES OF CASES OF CHILD ABUSE

• subjecting children to beating, kicking, threats, criticism and shame in public
• sexual abuse such as defilement, rape, molestation, inappropriate touching or fondling of sexual and other sensitive organs, forced marriages
• child neglect, like, deliberate refusal to take care of a child
• child trafficking in which children are forcefully, or with consent of parents or guardians, taken to go elsewhere as domestic or commercial sex workers or estate workers
• child labour, like, forcing children to work under situations not suitable for their age
• withholding support to children
• economic violation in which parents may force children to seek employment, indulge in prostitution, early marriage, theft, drug trafficking and vending in order to earn a living for the family
• denying children education
• forcing children to look after the young ones during school time
• disallowing children to go out and play
• denying children access to hospital or health care centres because of religious or traditional beliefs
• government's inability to provide educational materials and health facilities
• forcing children to undergo initiation in the name of cultural or traditional beliefs
• giving children heavy punishments

INSTITUTIONS THAT PROTECT CHILDREN'S RIGHTS

• the family
• the community
• the school

• the police
• the district welfare offices
• non-governmental organisation (NGOs) dealing with human rights issues

WAYS ASSISTING A CHILD WHO HAD BEEN ABUSED OR SUSPECTED OF BRING ABUSED

• taking the child to a quiet place where she or he can talk freely
• encouraging her or him to give enough information to evaluate whether abuse has occurred
• remaining calm as the child narrates his or her story so as not to upset the child
• reassuring the child that you believe him or her if she or he reveals the abuse
• assuring the child that you are going to talk to persons who can help
• reporting the abuse to the proper local authorities immediately

UNIT 20 SOCIAL SERVICES IN MALAWI

Social services are services that are provided to the people in their communities for them to survive and live a dignified life.

TYPES OF SOCIAL SERVICES

• Education services
• Health services
• Transport services
• Defence force services
• Banking services
• Communicaton services

THE IMPORTANCE OF SOCIAL SERVICES PROVIDED IN MALAWI

• Education provides services such as knowledge, skills, literacy and numeracy
• Health provides services such as medicines, health education and sanitation
• Transport provides services such as road transport, water transport and air transport
• Defence force provides services such as security, law and order and enforcing laws
• Baking provides services such as loans and safety of people's money
• Communication provides services such as internet, telephone, postage stamps, and fax.

UNIT 21 ROAD SAFETY

ROAD SIGNS AND SIGNALS
Road signs and signals assist in preventing road accidents.

ROAD SIGNS

Road signs are illustrations which are put on or along the road. They are either written or drawn.

There are three types of road signs:

• danger warning signs
• regulatory signs
• informative signs

Danger warning signs
All danger warning signs consist of a red triangle accompanied by a word or phrase describing the approaching danger.

Regulatory signs
All regulatory signs have a red circle on top of an inscription,

Informative signs
These are signs that give information.

ROAD SIGNALS

Road signals are messages which are conveyed to road users, for example, a horn, arm movement, indicator lights, traffic lights (robots).

THE IMPORTANCE OF RAOD SIGNS AND SIGNALS

• they give general information to road users concerning important features along the road, distances covered or to be covered
• they help to reduce accidents on the road
• they help to control speed
• they help to warn road users of possible danger
• they control the flow of traffic

ORGANISATION WHICH DEALS WITH ROAD SAFETY IN MALAWI

• Road Traffic Commission
• National Road Safety Council of Malawi
• Police Road Traffic Department
• National Roads Authority

FUNCTIONS OF THE ORGANISATIONS WHICH DEAL WITH ROAD SAFETY IN MALAWI

The Road Traffic Commission

• testing for and issuing driving licences
• conducting vehicle inspection for its road worthiness
• administering acts of parliament
• controlling matters as motor vehicle registration and licence

The National Road Safety Council

• giving guidance to all road users
• cooperating with organisations and authorities concerned with road safety in order to assist the Ministry of Transport in decreasing the accidents
• promoting and giving financial support for research in the field of road safety independently or with other institutions

The Police Road Traffic Department

• ensuring basic road laws are observed
• assisting in case of accidents
• prosecuting traffic offenders
• data collection, maintenance of accidents records and statistical analysis

The National Roads Authority

• checking road accident-prone areas and maintaining them
• putting up road signs

Step 2 writing a statement of the problem to be investigated in the form of a question

Step 3 predicting or guessing the answer to the question, that is, coming up with a hypothesis

Step 4 identifying the variables

Step 5 identifying the materials required for carrying out the investigation

Step 6 coming up with the procedures for carrying out the investigation

IMPLEMENTATION STAGE
The second stage of a scientific investigation involves implementing the plans that were developed during the planning stage.
This is the stage which the hypothesis are tested by carrying out the investigation.

During this stage, the variables to be investigated are deliberately changed while keeping the other variables constant.
The variables that are changed are observed and recorded as the investigation is being conducted. The purpose of carrying out an investigation is to collect data through observation.
If one is not satisfied with the data that has been collected, it is necessary to repeat the procedures. The data that is collected should be organised and presented in a meaningful way.
There are several ways of presenting data. These include tables and graphs.

When presenting data in the form of a graph, it is important to remember that:

• a sharp pencil should be used when drawing graph lines
• each graph should be given a title
• a scale that can give a large graph should be chosen so that points are plotted accurately
• the vertical and horizontal axes should be labelled and the units for each axis should be shown
• a line of best fit should be drawn if points do not lie on a straight line or smooth curve

When data has been collected, it should be organised in such a way that it is meaningful. The procedures of organizing data are referred to as data analysis.
One way of analysing data is the use of graphs.

Once the data has been analysed, there is need to interpret it.

The interpretation of data involves determining the relationship between variables using the analysed data.

The methods of determining the relationships between variables include:

• Looking for patterns of data in a table
• Interpreting the shapes of graph lines

In summary, the implementation stage of scientific investigation involves the following:
Step 1 carrying out the investigation according to the plans. Step 2 collecting data and presenting it in a meaningful way. Step 3 analysing the collected data.
Step 4 interpreting the analysed data.

CONCLUDING STAGE
The last stage of a scientific investigation is the concluding stage.

During this stage, the hypothesis is evaluated against the interpretation of the data.

That is, the relationship between variables that has been determined from the data is compared with the hypothesis of the investigation.
If the determined relationship from the analysed data agrees with the hypothesis then the hypothesis becomes the conclusion of the investigation.
If the hypothesis is different from the relationship determined from the results of the investigation then the hypothesis is not true.
What is important is that the conclusion must be based on the results of the investigation and not on the investigator’s wishes.

UNIT 2 THE HUMAN SKELETON

THE HUMAN SKELETON

The skeleton is the hard part of the body.

It is composed of many bones which are joined together at places called joints.

FUNCTIONS OF THE SKELETON

• Giving support to the body
• Protecting some delicate parts of the body such as heart, lungs, brain and the spinal cord
• Assisting in locomotion
• Giving shape to the body

A human skeleton

MUSCLES
Muscles are organs which are attached to bones by tissue called tendons


The main muscles of the body

How the muscles of the arm are attached to the bones

The pinna directs sound into the ear canal. At the end of the ear canal is a thin membrane called the eardrum. Sound causes the eardrum to vibrate. This helps us to hear sound.
The wall of the ear canal secretes brown wax which protects the ear passage. However, excessive wax may damage the ear drum or prevent a person from hearing.

THE PROBLEM OF THE EAR

• Damage of the ear drum
• Foreign bodies such as insects and seeds getting into the ear
• Ear infections

CARE FOR THE EAR

• Avoiding removing a foreign body from the ear with a pointed object that can damage the eardrum.
• Avoiding loud sounds
• using a wet cloth to clean the outer ear
• Avoiding using sharp objects to poke the ear

If the foreign body is an insect try:

• Directing some light into the ear so that it may come out
• Putting drops of either water, cooking oil, castor oil or glycerine. If these first aid measures fail, take the person to the hospital.

• THE SKIN

The skin is an organ for feeling. It has different parts for different functions.


The external parts of a skin

THE TYPES OF MICRO-ORGANISMS THAT CAUSE FOOD SPOILAGE OR DECAY

• Bacteria
• yeasts
• moulds

To preserve food successfully, the micro-organisms must be destroyed to stop them from growing and multiplying.
Once food is preserved, it should be stored safely, so that the micro-organisms are prevented from coming into contact with it.

THE IMPORTANCE OF FOOD PRESERVATION

• Reducing bulkiness for easy carrying and storage
• Avoiding wastage
• Adding variety to the diet because food can be eaten even when it is out of season
• Improving the flavour, colour and texture of food
• Keeping food longer for future use and in emergencies such as during famine, floods and war

FOOD PRESERVATION TECHNOLOGIES
There are several food preservation technologies. These can be categorised into:

• Indigenous food preservation technologies
• Modern food preservation technologies

INDIGENOUS FOOD PRESERVATION TECHNOLOGIES

These are technologies used to preserve food that have been developed within a given society.

These include:

• Sun drying

The food is exposed to strong sunlight, which evaporates the moisture in it.

This creates unfavourable conditions for the growth and multiplication of micro-organisms.

Muscles can contract and relax.

Their ability to contract and relax brings about movement at a joint.

When a muscle contracts, it pulls the bone to which it is attached and moves it in one direction.

JOINTS
Joints are formed when two or more bones meet

Examples of points include the skull, finger, shoulder, elbow, hip and wrist.

TYPES OF JOINTS

• Movable joints
• Immovable joints
• Hinge joints
• Ball and socket joints
• Gliding joints

Joints that allow movement are called movable joints. For example, finger, shoulder and elbow joints. The joints that do not allow movement are called immovable joints. For example, the joints of the skull. Joints that allow to and fro movement are called hinge joints. For example, the knee and elbow joints.
Those that allow rotational movement are called ball and socket joints. For example, shoulder and hip joints.

Joints at which bones move by sliding or gliding over another are called gliding joints. For example, joints of the neck.

UNIT 3 MOVEMENT IN HUMAN BEINGS

Muscles are attached to the bones by special tissue called tendons. The action of muscles allows movement at a joint.
For example, there are two muscles which control movement at the elbow joint.

When the biceps muscles contract, they pull the bones of the lower arm forward and the arm bends at the elbow joint. When the biceps muscles contract, the triceps muscles relax. When the biceps muscles relax, the

triceps muscles contract and pull the bones of the lower arm and stretch the arm. The contraction and relaxation of the biceps and the triceps muscles bend and stretch the arm.
Similarly, when the muscles at the back of the thigh contract, the lower leg is pulled backwards and the leg bends at the knee joints. When these muscles relax and the muscles in front of the thigh contract, the lower leg is pulled forward and the leg straightens.

UNIT 4 SENSE ORGANS

SENSE ORGANS
The human body has five sense organs. These are the nose, tongue, ear, skin and eye. These organs have different functions. The nose is used for smelling; the ear for hearing; the eye for seeing; the tongue for tasting, and the skin for feeling and touching. Tasting, smelling, hearing, seeing, feeling and touching are called senses.

• THE NOSE

The nose is used for smelling and breathing. It has nostrils through which air passes in and out of the body. The nostrils have hairs and mucus which trap some dust and germs, thereby, preventing it from getting into the body.


The structure of the nose

THE PROBLEMS OF THE NOSE

• Colds and flu
• Nose bleeding
• Sores
• Foreign bodies such as beans, maize and other seeds getting stuck and causing discomfort in the nose

CARE FOR THE NOSE
Pushing or poking objects into the nose may damage it. If objects such as beans get into the nose, the victim should try to blow them out. If this fails, ask the victim to breathe through the mouth and take him or her to the hospital. The nose should also be cleaned regularly. Apart from this, avoid sniffing unknown substances.

• THE TONGUE

The tongue is used for tasting things. It can detect sweet, salty, sour or bitter things. The tongue also helps during chewing and swallowing of food. It also helps in spitting, speaking and whistling.
The tongue has a rough surface. The bumpy structures on the tongue are called taste buds.


The structure of the tongue

THE PROBLEMS OF THE TONGUE

• sores
• foreign bodies such as fish bones
• swellings

CARE OF THE TONGUE

• avoiding eating foods that are too hot
• avoiding eating too fast
• avoiding talking while eating
• avoiding tasting unknown substances
• avoiding eating spicy foods

It is also important to brush the teeth and the tongue regularly to avoid bad breath.

• THE EYE

The eye is an organ of sight. It has different parts for different functions.

The black spot of the eye is called the pupil. It allows light to get into the eye to see things. The coloured part of the eye is called the iris. This controls the size of the pupil. In dim light, the iris makes the pupil bigger to

• Jam making

This is a technology used to preserve fruit.

It is based on the fact that a high concentration of sugar kills micro-organisms and prevents their growth. After the jam is made it is sealed in jars cutting off air completely so that it remains fresh for a long time. Jam can be made from fruit such as mangoes, peaches, guavas, plums, apples and strawberries.

STORAGE FACILITIES FOR PRESERVED FOODS
It is important to provide storage facilities for preserved foods in the homes.

The storage facilities include bottles or jars, baskets, cartons, freezers or refrigerators, granaries, sacks and food stores.

THE PROBLEMS OF FOOD PRESERVATION

• Loss of nutrients especially in the case of cooking
• Poor food hygiene. For example, the presence of sand in some vegetables, mushrooms and fish
• Expensive in terms of processing
• Lack of knowledge of food preservation
• Lack of continuous power supply
• Contributing to pollution and deforestation

UNIT 8 MATERIALS PRODUCTION

MATERIALS FOR PRODUCING THINGS

Different materials that people use in their everyday life are made through the use of scientific and technological processes.

Most of these materials are produced in factories using machines.

However, some of these materials such as soap, crayons, vim, floor polish and shoe polish can be made manually.
To produce these materials one requires materials and steps to be followed.

• Crayon production

Crayons are formed by mixing melted candle wax and finely crushed coloured pieces of chalk or dye.

The wax is melted to allow the dye or crushed pieces of chalk to mix well. The mixture is left to cool down for it to solidify.

Resources needed

• candle wax
• finely crushed coloured chalk or dye
• 10cm pieces of pawpaw straws or reed
• metal containers, tins or pots
• sticks
• a source of heat

Process

• heat pieces of candle wax in a pot or any metal container until it completely melts
• add the coloured chalk powder to the melted candle wax
• stir with a stick until it is well mixed
• arrange pawpaw straw or reed upright in a container such as a plastic cup
• carefully pour the contents into the straws in the container
• let them cool down
• peel off the straws
• then the crayons are ready for use

• Shoe polish making Resources needed
• candle wax
• finely-crushed charcoal
• paraffin
• containers
• source of heat
• sticks
• pots
• mortar-and pestle
• sieve

Process

• put the pot or tins with candle wax on fire
• let the wax melt completely
• add powdered charcoal to the wax
• stir to mix well
• immediately add a little amount of paraffin to the contents and keep on stirring until well mixed
• you may pour the contents into storing containers of your choice such as used shoe polish cans
• let the contents cool down
• black shoe polish is ready for use

• Floor polish making

Floor polish and shoe polish almost follow the same scientific process. Candle wax is melted and later mixed with a small amount of paraffin. The paraffin is added to the melted wax in order to let the wax be in a semi solid state as it cools down.

Resources needed

• candle wax
• pots
• paraffin
• sticks
• red oxide

Process

• melt the candle wax in a pot or tin
• add a little paraffin and stir until a desired thickness is acquired
• you may add red oxide powder to obtain red floor polish
• let the contents cool
• the floor polish is ready for use

• Production of cleaning powder

Scouring agents are used for cleaning different materials such as saucepans, cups, buckets, metal sinks. These can be made locally.

Resources needed

• Egg shells
• Powder soap

• Mortars and pestles
• Sieves
• Containers

Process

• grind the egg shells to very fine powder in a mortar
• add a little powdered soap to the contents
• mix well
• the powder is ready for use

• Soap making

Soap is made from animal fat or vegetable fat mixed with a strong alkali such as caustic soda, water and salt. Fat is made up of fatty acids and glycerine.
Soap is formed by the chemical reaction of fat and caustic soda or caustic potash alkalis)

When alkalis are mixed with fat, glycerine is separated and the fatty acids plus the caustic soda form soap.

Resources needed

• fat
• beakers or tins
• water
• salt
• caustic soda
• sources of heat

Procedure

• melt the fat in a beaker or tin for at least one hour
• when the mixture is thick, add salt and boil it for 10 minutes
• let the mixture cool
• remove the layer of soap

UNIT 9 INFORMATIION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

The term “information and communication technology” refers to the use of computers and other devices to capture, process, store, retrieve, transfer and control information in a variety of forms such as numbers, text, sound or images.
Examples of information and communication technologies are computers, telephones, cell phones, radios, televisions, fax machines and automatic teller machines (ATMs)

USES OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES AND HOW THEY WORK

The radio
The radio works by detecting waves created at a radio station.

The radio uses electronic systems to process the waves. In this way, people are able to hear music and voices through the receiver’s speakers.
The announcer speaks or plays music into a microphone. The sound passes through the microphone as sound waves. The transmitter picks these waves, then changes them to radio waves. The aerial of the radio receives the radio waves from the transmitter. The speaker of the radio then changes the radio waves into music or a voice.

The telephone
There are two types of systems that are used in transmitting messages through telephones. These are analogue and digital systems.
In the analogue system, the telephones transmit voices over long distances electronically. In this system, the transmission can easily be distorted or be interfered with.
In a digital system, the spoken word is converted into a digital language before being transmitted. The receiver then converts the digital language to sound. There is no interference or distortion in this type of telephone system.

The fax machine
The fax machine is used to transmit information from a document (hard copy) using phone lines. When the document is being sent, first the information on the document is converted into a digital language. The receiver then converts the digital signal into the original language that is on the document. Thus, the printout of the document that comes out of the receiver is exactly the same as the original document.

The cell phone
The spoken voice is converted into a digital language which travels to receiver via a transmitter. The transmitter is used to amplify the digital language. The receiver then converts the digital signal into sound resembling the original voice.

The television (TV)
In the television studio, the cameras capture the pictures which are converted into a digital signal by an encoder. The digital signal travels to a satellite dish which sends the signal via a transmitter to a satellite in space. The satellite processes it and sends the signal back to the dish on the ground which then sends the signal to the television set. The decoder that is connected to the television set converts the signal into pictures and sounds that resemble the original ones. Signals from telephones and cell phones can also be sent by a satellite.

The computer
The computer can be used for collecting information which can be stored or analysed and made available for later use. The uses of the computer include managing accounts, keeping information on spare parts for cars in garages, keeping records of patients, collecting information on laboratory tests and helping diagnose diseases in hospitals, automatic flying of planes, forecasting weather, running the different activities and monitoring progress in factories, running radio and television programmes, sending messages quickly through electronic mail (e-mail) , playing games, and word processing, that is, typing and formatting the typed work.

A computer has three main parts:

• input device
• the central processing unit (CPU)
• output device

The central processing unit is the main part of the computer.

The input devices of a computer are the keyboard and the mouse. The keyboard is used to enter information into the processor. The mouse is also an input device. It is moved around and controls an arrow that is known as a cursor which appears on the computer screen.
The monitor or screen is one of the output devices of a computer. It enables users to see what they are doing. The printer is another output device that produces a printed copy of the information in the computer.

The internet
This is another form of information and communication technology. The internet is a connection of millions of computers around the world. It uses a language that allows different computers in different parts of the

world to communicate with each other. The information on the internet is arranged on websites that can easily be accessed. People use the internet to store and find information quickly.

THE IMPORTANCE OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

• source of employment in computer programming, website designing, computer maintenance and administration
• contributing to the improvement in the quality of health services
• can be used for leisure like computer games and movies
• enabling people to have quick access to information

DISADVANTAGES OF INFROMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

• increased unemployment rate in some sectors due to reduced demand for human labour
• exposure to health risks
• the high cost of advanced technologies

UNIT 10 THE EXTERNAL PARTS OF PLANTS

THE EXTERNAL PARTS OF A PLANT AND THEIR USES

A plant has different external parts.

These parts have different functions

• Leaves

These allow air to pass in and out of the plant through small openings called stomates. There are more stomates under the leaf than on top. Leaves also make plant food from water and carbon dioxide using sunlight in a process called photosynthesis.


Oxygen is also produced as a by-product of photosynthesis. The veins in the leaf carry water and mineral salts and make the leaf stiff.

• Stems

These connect the leaves, branches and the roots.

Water and mineral salts from the roots pass through the stem to the leaves. Some stems such as sugarcane and Irish potatoes store food for the plant.

• Roots

The roots hold the plant in the soil. Roots take in water and mineral salts from the soil which is conducted to the leaves through the stem.
Some roots such as sweet potatoes and cassava store food for the plant while others do not.

• Flowers

These are the reproductive parts of plants. They produce fruit and seeds.
The colour and smell of some flowers attract some insects and birds.

These help to transfer pollen from the male part to the female part of the flower so that fertilisation of the male and female gametes can take place to form zygotes.
Zygotes develop into a seed.

UNIT 11 LIGHT ENERGY

SOURCES OF LIGHT ENERGY

Objects that give out light energy on their own are called direct sources of light. These include the sun, fire, candle flames, fireflies, neon-worms and stars.
Objects that do not produce light energy on their own are called indirect sources. These include the moon and reflectors.
The direct sources are classified into natural and artificial sources of light energy.

USES OF LIGHT ENERGY

• helping in seeing
• security: light helps to keep enemies away
• photosynthesis: green plants are able to make their own food because of light
• egg production: hens need enough day light length for egg making
• production of electricity: solar cells change light to electrical energy
• plant growth and flowering
• photography/video/filming: one is able to take pictures because of light
• production of Vitamin D in the body

HOW VARIOUS SOURCES PRODUCE LIGHT
The sun produces light because of gases that are burning all the time.

An electric bulb produces light because of the heating of tungsten wire. As electric current passes through the wire, it gets very hot and glows producing light.
These two examples show that light can be produced as a result of chemical reactions and the heating of electricity.
Another way of producing light is by friction or rubbing two things together. When one removes a nylon cloth from the body, it produces sparks of light.
Hitting two stones or metals together can also produce sparks of light. Sparks of light are also produced during the use of grinding machines.

UNIT 12 HEAT ENERGY

SOURCES OF HEAT ENERGY

Food contains chemical energy which releases heat during respiration.

Fuels such as paraffin, wood, gas and charcoal also contain chemical energy which is released as heat when burning.
The burning of substances is, therefore, one of the sources of heat energy. Also, rubbing hands together can produce heat energy.
Heat energy can, therefore, be produced by friction.

Electricity is another source of heat energy. As the electric current flows in a length of wire, it meets some resistance. The more electrical resistance to the flow of electric current, the greater the amount of heat energy produced.

USES OF HEAT ENERGY

• generating electricity
• providing warmth to people and animals
• cooling and heating water
• killing harmful insects and bacteria
• pressing clothes
• drying clothes and hair
• promoting germination of seeds
• fermentation
• smelting ores
• curing tobacco
• baking bricks
• firing of clay pots in kilns
• making of automatic switches to control the degree of hotness and coldness
• shrink fitting – done to have strong joints
• hatching eggs
• breaking rocks

NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF HEAT ENERGY

• Destruction of forests and infrastructure due to bushfires
• Loss of property as a result of fire
• Burns and scalds
• Making dwelling places uncomfortable
• Global warming which causes changes in climate resulting in either drought or heavy rains

 

 

UNIT 13 SOUND ENERGY

 

HOW SOUND IS PRODUCED

Sound is produced by a vibrating body or object.

Objects can be set into vibration by plucking, hitting, beating or blowing them. The air in wind instruments is set into vibration by blowing.
Drums vibrate by hitting or beating them. String instruments vibrate by plucking them.
For drums and string instruments to vibrate and produce sound, they must have a certain amount of tension. The production of sound requires a vibrating source.
Musical instruments can be classified as wind, string and percussion instruments.

Examples of sources of sound are vocal cords, stretched pieces of string, reed, drums, insects, animals, cell phones, sirens, motor vehicles, radio and wind instruments.

 

USES OF SOUND

• For communication
• For entertainment
• For giving warning signals
• For telling time
• For mating in animals
• For determining the depth of water bodies or distance between two places
• For showing happiness
• For expressing sorrow

 

APPLICATION OF SOUND IN TECHNOLOGY
The technological application of sound include:

• Detecting heart beat
• Detecting minerals
• Detecting the presence of fish in a fishing ground



UNIT 14 METHODS OF COOKING FOOD

REASONS FOR COOKING FOOD

• Destroying harmful organisms which may be present in food
• Making food more digestible
• Making food taste good (palatable)
• Preserving food
• Improving the appearance (making it appetising)

 

METHODS OF COOKING FOOD

• Boiling

This involves cooking food in boiling water until it is tender.

Suitable foods for boiling include meat, fish, starchy foods, green vegetables and root vegetables.



 

THE ADVANTAGES OF BOILING FOOD

• It requires little attention
• The liquid in which foods have been cooked may be used for making soups, sauces and gravies
• It softens the fibres
• Several foods can be cooked together in one pot

 

THE DISADVANTAGES OF BOILING FOOD

• It uses a lot of fuel
• Some foods may lose flavour and colour
• Some vitamins can be lost
• Some mineral salts might be lost



COOKING FOOD USING THE BOILING METHOD GUIDELINES

• The water should just cover the food
• Use a saucepan with a strong base
• Have the water boiling before adding the food
• Pans should have close-fitting lids to reduce loss of steam

 

• Steaming

This is cooking food in steam rising from boiling water. There are two ways of steaming food.
These are:

• Direct steaming
• Indirect steaming

 

DIRECT STEAMING
This is a type of steaming method where the steam gets into contact with the food.


For example, when cooking mkate, the food is wrapped up in banana leaves and placed in a small amount of water.

 

INDIRECT STEAMING
This is a type of steaming where the steam does not get into contact with the food. The food is placed in another container over a pot of boiling water.
Suitable foods for steaming include fresh fish, liver, root vegetables, pudding, egg and milk custard.






 

THE ADVANTAGES OF STEAMING FOOD

• There is no loss of food value
• It requires less attention
• It is economical as three or four dishes can be cooked at the same time
• Food cooked in this way is easily digestible
• It can be done even by people who are weak or have a disability

 

DISADVANTAGES OF STEAMING FOOD

• It is slow method of cooking
• It is not suitable for cooking some foods such as tough meat
• It requires a lot of heat, therefore, more fuel consumption
• The food does not look appetising

 

COOKING USING THE STEAMING METHOD GUIDELINES

• The water should boil constantly
• Use a tight fitting lid on a saucepan to prevent steam from escaping
• Never allow the food to come in contact with water
• A supply of boiling water should be kept to replenish the water in the saucepan

 

 

 

UNIT 15 KITCHEN HYGIENE AND SAFETY

 

The kitchen is a place where food is stored, prepared and cooked.




THE IMPORTANCE OF KITCHEN HYGIENE

• Prevention of accidents such as falls, scalds, burns and poisoning
• Helps one to avoid excessive bending and stretching
• Prevents pests such as rats and cockroaches from breeding in the kitchen
• Prevention of diseases such as diarrhoea
• Avoiding food contamination

 

KITCHEN HYGIENE
Hygiene in the kitchen starts with people who work in the kitchen.

They should practice personal hygiene which involves:

• bathing every day and wearing clean clothes before beginning to work
• washing hands thoroughly after visiting the toilet
• avoiding handling food when you have an infectious disease such as flu
• keeping finger nails short
• wearing a clean apron or overall
• tying back hair or braids if they are long
• wearing a head scarf to prevent hair falling into food

The kitchen should be kept clean at all times. This involves:

• keeping all working surfaces clean and in good condition
• emptying and washing kitchen bins regularly and keeping drains clean
• preventing pets from entering the kitchen
• not using dish clothes to wipe spills
• not using chipped crockery and utensils
• not leaving kitchen bins uncovered

Food should be handled hygienically. The guidelines for food hygiene include:

• storing food covered and in dry, clean and cool places
• cooking perishable foods as soon as possible
• not leaving food uncovered
• not storing cooked food in the same container with raw food
• thawing frozen food completely before cooking it especially chicken meat



Daily cleaning of the kitchen

The daily cleaning of the kitchen should include:

• opening the windows
• washing all equipment and utensils
• putting everything in its correct place
• wiping sinks, window sills and other surfaces
• wiping stoves
• sweeping the floor
• mopping the floor
• washing all cloths, buckets and basins used for washing dishes

 

Weekly cleaning

In addition to daily cleaning, it is necessary to undertake thorough cleaning once a week which may involve:

• cleaning the cooking centre or stove thoroughly
• removing stains from walls and surfaces
• cleaning drawers and work surfaces with warm soapy water
• cleaning refrigerators thoroughly
• sweeping, washing, rinsing and drying the floor
• cleaning sinks and draining boards by using boiling water and washing soda

 

Occasional cleaning

Occasional cleaning of the kitchen involves all the other activities done daily and weekly, but also involves:

• sweeping and smearing the floor if it is made of mud
• sealing cracks on the wall
• removing cobwebs and soot
• cleaning windows
• washing curtains
• spraying or trapping and killing insects

 

SAFETY IN THE KITCHEN
The kitchen can be a cause of accidents if it is not properly cared for.

 

COMMON CAUSES OF ACCIDENTS IN THE KITCHEN

• poor repairs
• untidiness


• poor lighting
• carelessness in handling equipment
• sharp objects
• fire
• slippery floors
• poisonous substances such as paraffin and detergents

 

COMMON ACCIDENTS IN THE KITCHEN

• falls due to slippery or wet floors
• cuts caused by sharp objects
• taking poisonous substances
• suffocation caused by polythene bags
• burns
• scalds
• choking

 

SAFETY PRECAUTIONS IN THE KITCHEN

• immediately cleaning any spillage on the floor
• removing broken glass and sweeping the floor properly to remove splinters
• keeping sharp equipment properly out of children’s reach
• turning saucepan handles inwards and out of reach of children
• switching off cookers after use
• cords for electric appliances such as pressing irons and electric kettles should be repaired and carefully insulated
• not having any curtains
• using proper oven gloves or cloth to lift hot dishes from the oven

 

 

 

UNIT 16 MEAL PLANNING AND PRESENTATION

A meal is a set of dishes served and eaten together at a specific time. It can be served in the morning, in the afternoon and in the evening. Meals should be nutritionally balanced and contain all food groups.




THE IMPORTANCE OF MEAL PLANNING

• saving money, time and energy
• avoiding monotony in the diet
• ensuring that one gets all the required nutrients in the right proportions
• avoiding wastage of food resources

 

FACTORS TO CONSIDER WHEN PLANNING MEALS

• the number of people
• the nature of work or occupation
• age
• health status
• the time of the day
• season of the year
• the occasion
• the nutritional value of each type of food

 

GUIDELINES FOR PLANNING MEALS

• plan meals for the whole day or week and not individual meals. This helps to avoid wastage
• choose suitable methods of cooking to avoid loss of food nutrients
• plan meals that are available if the food is to be bought
• avoid serving the same type of food every day to avoid monotony
• plan meals that have a variety in colour, texture, appearance and taste
• consider the different nutritional needs of the members of the family such as manual workers, sedentary workers, nursing mothers, children, the elderly and the sick

 

PLANNING SIMPLE NUTRITIOUS MEALS FOR THE FAMILY
There are three main meals in a day.

These are:

• breakfast which is eaten in the morning
• lunch which is eaten around mid-day
• supper or dinner which is eaten in the evenings

 

Meals should be planned carefully taking into account factors and guidelines for meal planning.

Examples of menus for different meals of the day

Breakfast	Lunch	Supper
Sample 1	Sample 1	Sample 1




Orange drink Rice porridge Tea with milk Boiled cassava	Stewed beef Boiled kholowa Nsima Fruit drink	Stewed beans Vegetable salad Steamed rice Mangoes
Sample 2 Pawpaw salad Mgaiwa porridge Thobwa Roasted sweet potatoes	Sample 2 Curried eggs Stewed green beans Boiled potatoes Mixed fruit salad	Sample 2 Stewed fish Boiled nkhwani Nsima Fruits in season

 

FACTORS TO CONSIDER WHEN SERVING MEALS

• the foods should be made of attractive colours
• dishes used for serving must be thoroughly cleaned
• the place where food is served should be clean and if possible should be decorated
• the amount of food to be served should be just enough for the number of people

 

 

 

UNIT 17 MACHINES

THE USES OF MACHINES

Machines help us to do work easily. A machine amplifies force.
Some machines such as tongs and tweezers assist in holding hot objects

 

TYPES OF MACHINES

The following are examples of simple machines:

• inclined plane
• lever
• pulley
• wedge
• screw
• wheel and axle


• Inclined plane

An inclined plane is a simple machine.

It consists of a plank or metal bar inclined to the earth’s surface. The load is pushed along the inclined plane onto a higher place.
             
inclined planes

The inclined plane allows a small force called effort to push a heavy load onto the body of a lorry.

An inclined plane provided a mechanical advantage (MA) which is worked out by dividing the load by the effort:




MA      =




Load Effort




The load is the weight of the object and effort is the force exerted when moving the load up the inclined plane.
One can obtain a bigger mechanical advantage if longer, smoother surfaces and rollers are used.

 

• Lever

A lever is a rigid body pivoted on an axis where it turns. The point where a lever turns is called a fulcrum.

 

There are many examples of levers such as a bottle opener, a pair of pliers, crowbar, arm, scale, wheelbarrow and a pair of scissors.

 

CLASSES OF LEVERS
Levers fall into three classes based on the arrangement of effort, fulcrum and load.

 

• Class one levers (first order levers)

In class one levers, the fulcrum is between the load and effort.

•    
  First-order levers

   

  • Class two levers (second order levers)

  In class two levers, the load is between the effort and fulcrum.

   

  • Class three levers (third order levers)

  In class three levers, the effort is between the load and the fulcrum.
  
  
  pair of forceps Examples of third-order levers are pair of forceps, fishing rod and tongs.

   

  • Pulleys

  A pulley is defined as a wheel with a grooved rim in which ropes that lift loads pass through. Each of the pulley system has wheels. Each wheel has a grooved rim.
  The pulley system helps to change the direction of pulling. If there are more pulleys, one can even lift heavier loads.

   

  TYPES OF PULLEYS
  There are three types of pulleys. These are:

  • fixed pulleys
  • movable pulleys
  • combined pulleys
  
  

  
  types of pulleys

  For the fixed pulley, you have to use more effort than the load to be lifted. The advantage of this pulley is that you do not pull or push the pulley up and down and that your body assists in the lifting of the load.

  A movable pulley moves with the load. The effort applied in this pulley system is less than the load to be lifted. This is the advantage of the pulley. The disadvantage of this pulley system is that one pulls or pushes the pulley up and down.

  The combined pulley makes the effort smaller than the load. The effort is less than half of the weight to be lifted. The disadvantage is that the pulley has to move over a longer distance.

   

  UNIT 18 CARE FOR ROOMS IN THE HOME AND ITS SURROUNDINGS

  TYPES OF ROOMS IN A HOUSE

  A home may comprise several rooms.

  These include sitting room, dining room, bedroom, kitchen, bathroom and toilet.

  In a traditional house, the kitchen, toilet and bath shelter are usually built outside the main house.

   

  REASONS FOR CLEANING THE HOME

  • promoting the physical and mental health of individuals living in the home
  • providing comfort to the occupants of the home
  • keeping the original appearance of surfaces in the home
  • keeping the surfaces in the home attractive and in good condition
  
  
  • keeping the home in good condition so that it lasts longer

   

  WAYS OF CLEANING THE HOME

  • sweeping
  • brushing
  • mopping

   

  CARE FOR THE SITTING ROOM AND DINING ROOM

  • Sitting room or living room

  This room is where family members meet to relax or entertain visitors.

  It may also be used for reading, playing indoor games and listening to music.

  The furniture for this room, therefore, should provide comfort and an atmosphere of relaxation.

   

  CARE OF THE SITTING ROOM

  Daily cleaning

  • collect the necessary cleaning equipment and materials
  • move light furniture and other objects to one side
  • close windows and doors to avoid spreading dust while sweeping
  • sweep the floor moving towards the door
  • move furniture to the swept area and then sweep the remaining part and move dust together in one place
  • collect dust and wrap it in old newspapers and burn it or throw it in a dustbin
  • shake mats outside
  • dust surfaces and objects.
  • clean the floor according to its type. If it is plain concrete or varnished, mop with warm soapy water
  • rearrange furniture, magazines or newspapers, if any
  • open windows to let in fresh air
  • clean and store cleaning materials and equipment

   

  Weekly cleaning

  • sweep and dust as in daily cleaning but start with removing cobwebs on the walls and floors
  • shake cushions to remove dust and brush off dirt from upholstery furniture
  • remove stains on the walls using the correct methods
  • clean the floor according to its type
  • clean windows thoroughly
  
  
  • clean furniture and other objects according to their type
  • brush and shake mats or rugs, if any
  • rearrange furniture neatly.
  • clean and store cleaning materials properly

   

  Special cleaning

  • carry out daily and weekly cleaning
  • clean upholstered furniture and curtains thoroughly
  • shampoo carpets, clean or wash mats according to their type
  • finish and tidy up the room
  • if the floor is made up of mud, smear the floor with mud or cow dung

   

  • Dining room

  This room is usually smaller than the living room. It is used for serving meals.

  The furniture for this room include the dining table and chairs, the cupboard or sideboard for keeping utensils and table linen.
  Sometimes part of the living room or kitchen can be used as a dining room.

   

  CARE FOR THE DINING ROOM

  Daily cleaning

  • collect the necessary cleaning equipment and materials
  • move light furniture and other objects to one side
  • close windows and doors to avoid spreading dust while sweeping
  • sweep the floor moving towards the door
  • move furniture to the swept area and then sweep the remaining part and move dust together in one place
  • collect dust and wrap it in old newspapers and burn it or throw it in a dustbin
  • brush and shake mats outside
  • dust surfaces and objects.
  • clean the floor according to its type. If it is plain concrete or varnished, mop with warm soapy water
  • rearrange furniture, magazines or newspapers, if any

   

  Weekly cleaning

  • remove cobwebs from the walls and floors
  • sweep and dust as in daily cleaning
  
  
  • shake cushions to remove dust and brush off dirt from upholstery furniture
  • remove stains on the walls using the correct methods
  • clean the floor according to its type
  • clean windows thoroughly
  • clean furniture and other objects according to their type
  • brush and shake mats or rugs, if any
  • rearrange furniture neatly
  • open windows to allow fresh air in the room
  • clean and store cleaning materials properly

   

  Special cleaning

  • carry out daily and weekly cleaning
  • clean upholstered furniture and curtains thoroughly
  • shampoo carpets, clean or wash mats according to their type
  • finish and tidy up the room
  • if the floor is made up of mud, smear the floor with mud or cow dung

   

  CARE OF HOME SURROUNDINGS

  Keeping home surroundings clean involves sweeping outside, cutting grass short around the home, removing cobwebs, picking up litter, draining stagnant water, disposing of refuse properly and planting flowers.
  It is important to keep the surroundings clean to prevent the spread of diseases such as dysentery, cholera, diarrhoea, food poisoning and worm infections.

  There are different types of refuse. These are:

  • dry refuse
  • wet refuse

   

  • Dry refuse

  This includes ashes, dust, dry leaves, waste paper, peels, broken glass, food waste and rugs

   

  • Wet refuse

  This includes waste and from bathrooms, kitchen and sewage.

  
  

  These should be disposed of in order to prevent the spread of diseases, avoid bad smell and make the surroundings look attractive.

   

  METHODS OD DISPOSING REFUSE

  Dry refuse
  This should be collected in dustbins or in rubbish pits. When the bins are full, they can be collected and be emptied in landfills or rubbish pits. Once the rubbish pits are full, they should be covered with soil. Waste paper cab be collected and be recycled.

   

  Wet refuse
  This refuse should lead into a soak pit. Waste water from washing, bathrooms can be used for watering plants and flowers.

   

   

   

  UNIT 19 LAUNDRY

   

  Laundry refers to all the processes that are involved in making clothes and household linen clean. These include washing, drying, pressing, airing and storing.
  Different materials and equipment are used in all these processes.

   

  LAUNDRY MATERIALS
  These are sometimes called laundry agents.

  They include the following:

  • water
  • soap
  • bleaches
  • starches
  • stain removers

   

  Water
  It is one of the most important laundry agents.

  Clean and soft water is ideal for laundry work.

   

  Soap
  This is used with water to remove dirt

   

  Bleaches
  A bleach is a substance used on white articles to brighten them. Bleaches are used only on cotton and linen fabrics.
  They help to remove stains.

  Bleaching can be done naturally or by using chemicals.

  Drying white clothes in the open air where there is bright sunlight bleaches clothes naturally.

   

  Starches
  This is a laundering material to stiffen and give a smooth finish to garments and articles.

  When garments and articles are starched they are easy to iron. Starch can be bought in powdered, liquid and spray forms.

   

  Stain removers
  Stains are unwanted discolorations on a garment or article. Stains should be removed as soon as they occur.
  Some can be removed by using water and soap while others can be removed using stain removers.

   

  LAUNDRY EQUIPMENT
  Laundry equipment may be large or small.

  This equipment includes laundry sink, bathtub, basins, pegs, clothes, line, pressing iron, pressing board or table, pails, stand, hangers, pressing sheets and pressing blankets.
  When not in use, the equipment should be washed, dried and kept in a cool dry place.

   

  STEPS IN LAUNDERING

  The main processes in laundering are as follows:

  • sorting
  • mending
  
  
  • soaking
  • washing
  • drying
  • pressing
  • airing
  • storing

  THE IMPORTANCE OF LAUNDERING GARMENTS AND ARTICLES

  • making garments and articles last long
  • making garments and articles look clean and attractive
  • preventing bad smells, lice and breeding of germs which cause the spread of diseases such as skin diseases
  • promoting good health
  • promoting one’s image

   

  TABLE LINEN
  Table linen is part of household articles used to decorate the home.

  These include doilies, chair backs, table cloths, place mats, serviettes and tray cloths. The articles need to be clean and attractive.
  This is because families use them when entertaining visitors or serving meals.

   

  USES OF TABLE LINEN

  • it protects furniture from dust, hot temperatures and spills from food
  • it is used for decoration
  • it can be used for covering food
  • it reduces noise from plates and crockery

   

  LAUNDERING TABLE LINEN

  Procedures

  • sort according to colour and degree of dirt
  • soak in cold water to soften the dirt
  • wash in hot soapy water using the friction method
  • rinse in hot water first, then in cold water
  • use starch if required
  • dry in the sun
  
  
  • dampen the linen before pressing, if necessary
  • air outside
  • fold and store

   

   

   

  UNIT 20 STATES OF MATTER

  SOLIDS, LIQUIDS AND GASES

  Matter can be classified into solids, liquids and gases.

   

  • SOLIDS

  Solids have definite shape and size.

  Examples include stones, rubber, wood, flour, bricks and cups.

   

  • LIQUIDS

  Liquids flow, can be poured, take the shape of their container and have definite volume. Examples include water, blood, petrol, cooking oil, paraffin and milk.

   

  • GASES

  Gases flow in all directions, are easily compressed and fill the container in which they are placed and they do not have a definite shape or size.
  Examples include oxygen, carbon dioxide and vapour.

   

  USES OF MATTER

  • building blocks of structures such as bricks, stones and wire
  • as a means of transporting nutrients in living things
  • keeping the shape and size of things (turgidity)
  • a home of animals
  • they are sources of energy for example paraffin and ethane
  
  

  CHANGES OF STATES OF MATTER
  Matter can change its state depending on temperature.

  Generally, when solids are heated they change into liquids. This is called melting. When liquids are heated they change into gas. This is called evaporation.
  When gases are cooled they change into liquid. This is called condensation. Liquids change into solid when cooled. This is called freezing or solidification.
  Some solids change from solid state to gaseous state. This process is called sublimation. Iodine can sublimate.
  
  changes of states of matter

   

  APPLICATION OF CHANGES OF STATES OF MATTER
  Changes of states of matter can be applied in many ways in everyday life.

  These include:

  • drying clothes
  • making ice blocks
  • preparation of jelly
  • distillation of alcohol

   

   

  UNIT 21 PACKED MEALS

   

  School children grow fast and are very active.

  They, therefore, have a great need for protein, calcium, vitamins, carbohydrates and other nutrients necessary for the body to grow properly.

  
  

  Therefore, they need to carry nutritious packed meals from home to school. A packed meal is taken during break time to provide energy and refreshment.
  Parents and guardians should be discouraged from giving money to school children because they may not buy food, or if they do, it may not be the right kind of food.

   

  REASONS FOR TAKING PACKED MEALS TO SCHOOL

  • ensures that one has a daily supply of food
  • discourages them from stealing from one another
  • ensures that they carry clean, safe and nutritious food

   

  FACTORS TO CONSIDER WHEN PLANNING PACKED MEALES

  • the nature of food
  • the method of cooking
  • the nutritive value
  • nature of work
  • drinks

   

  SUITABLE FOODS FOR PACKED MEALS

  • mkate
  • fritters
  • roasted maize
  • roasted groundnuts
  • bananas
  • oranges
  • bean cakes
  • boiled cassava
  • green maize
  • potatoes
  • boiled eggs
  • fruit juices

   

  SUITABLE MATERIALS FOR CARRYING PACKED MEALS

  • plastic paper
  • banana leaves
  • plastic bottles
  • vacuum flasks
  
  
  • plastic food containers
  • aluminium foils

   

   

   

  UNIT 22 IMPROVING THE HOME AND ITS SURROUNDINGS

   

  A house can have several rooms.

  These include a sitting room, dining room, bedrooms, kitchen, toilet and bathroom. Each of these rooms has a specific function.

   

  WAYS OF IMPROVING VARIOUS ROOMS IN THE HOME

  • Sitting room

  A good sitting room should have facilities for relaxation and entertainment. These include furniture such as sofa sets or mats.

   

  To make the sitting room cheerful and pleasant:

  • clean the room regularly
  • ensure it is well ventilated
  • improvise furniture
  • arrange equipment and furniture attractively
  • decorate the room by using items such as mats, floor rugs,, carpets, ornamental plants, pictures and photographs, wooden carvings and paintings
  • picture frames should be mended
  • damaged pictures should be replaced

   

  • Dining room

  A good dining room should have dining chairs, a table, a cupboard or sideboard for storing utensils. This room is usually smaller than a sitting room.
  It is used mainly for taking meals.

  Sometimes part of the living room or kitchen area is used as a dining room.

  
  

  The dining room can be improved by:

  • cleaning it regularly
  • improvising furniture
  • arranging equipment and furniture properly
  • decorating it with items such as floor rugs, ornamental plants, pictures and wood carvings.

   

  • Bedroom

  A good bedroom should have facilities for sleeping.

  These include beds, mattresses, mats, pillows, sheets and blankets.

  A bedside locker or small table is also useful for keeping a bedside lamp or candle. A bedroom should always smell fresh, look attractive and comfortable.
  Therefore, it needs plenty of light and ventilation. Light helps to keep insects and pests away.
  Big windows provide good ventilation.

   

  The bedroom can be improved by:

  • cleaning it regularly
  • improvising furniture
  • arranging equipment and furniture properly
  • decorating it with items such as floor rugs, pictures, carpets, lamp shades, bed covers and colourful curtains

   

  • The bathrooms or toilets

  In a house with running water, a toilet may be within the house. These should be cleaned with disinfectants frequently.
  In addition, the two rooms can be improved by making sure that things are arranged properly, decorating the room with floor rugs, toilet sets and shower curtains.
  Windows should be big enough for ventilation.

  Bath shelters should be well constructed and have a soak pit for proper draining of water.

  
  

  PLANTING FLOWERS AROUND THE HOUSE
  In order to improve the appearance of the surroundings, it is important to plant flowers around the house. Flowers, shrubs or ornamental plants add beauty to the surroundings.
  Also, well tendered flower gardens can create a beautiful environment ideal for reading, painting, composing music and writing.
  This can give members of the family an opportunity to grow and discover their potentials.

   

  RENOVATION OF THE HOME
  Apart from improving the various rooms in the house, existing items can be mended or renovated. Hence, new household articles can be made out of available materials.
  Items such as table cloths, curtains and bed sheets can be darned, patched and hems repaired. Wooden articles can be re-varnished.
  String is cheap and easy to obtain.

  With a little skill it can be made into many different things that can decorate different rooms in the home.

   

  FLOWER ARRANGEMENTS
  The house can also be improved by the use of flowers arranged variously.

   

  When using flowers to improve the home consider the following factors:

  • the type of occasion
  • the colour scheme
  • the size of the table
  • the shape of the table

   

  PROCEDURES FOR FLOWER ARRANGEMENT

  • fit flower supports into the base of a vase. Fill the vase with water
  • cut the ends of flower stems evenly to allow easy water uptake
  • arrange leaves, ferns or grass to the desired shape
  • position flowers according to their size and colour
  • look at the arrangement from all directions and add extra leaves or flowers where necessary
  • dry the outside of the vase and place it where required. Check the appearance of the arrangement and make necessary alterations
  
  

  UNIT 23 MANAGING INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

  Communication is the process of sending and receiving information. People communicate in different ways.

   

  WAYS OF COMMUNICATING

  • verbal communication
  • non-verbal communication

   

  Communication can take place verbally by means of talking or singing. This is called verbal communication.

  Communication can also take place non-verbally by means of body language and facial expression. This is called non-verbal communication.

   

  With the advancement of technology, different forms of communication have been developed.

  These include books, letters, newspapers, magazines, newsletters, television, radio, films or videos, fax, telephone, cell phone, e-mail and internet.

   

  PROBLEMS AFFECTING INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION

  • lack of appropriate information and communication technology
  • inability to access and use the available information and communication technology
  • high cost of information and communication technology
  • vandalism of public information and communication facilities.
  • Low levels of literacy which makes it difficult for some people to access certain information
  • Poverty which makes it difficult to afford the high cost of information and communication technology
  • Poor information and communication services
  • Lack of opportunities for training in information and communication

   

  SUGGESTED SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION

  • Communication should be provided with appropriate information and communication technology
  • People should be informed about how to access and use available information and communication technology
  • Information and communication technologies should be sold at reasonable prices
  • The general public should be sensitised on the importance of public information and communication technologies to minimise vandalism
  • The literacy levels among the people should be raised
  
  
  • Levels of poverty should be reduced
  • Information and communication services should be improved
  • Personnel working in information and communication including the users should be properly trained

   

  WAYS OF MANAGING INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

  • Computers

   

  Computers should be:

  • handled by properly-trained persons
  • covered after use to avoid dust
  • repaired by a qualified person if they have developed a fault
  • kept and used in a relatively cool environment
  • updated regularly

   

  • Radio

  Radios should be:

  • handled with care
  • given to a qualified person for repairs
  • connected to a suitable power supply
  • put far from any object that interferes reception

   

  • Cell phone

  Cell phone should:

  • not be dropped to the ground
  • not be in contact with water
  • not be used for too long at any particular time
  • not be kept or stored in a hot environment
  • not be overloaded with information
  • be taken to a qualified person for repairs
  • be fitted with the right type of battery
  • be charged whenever the battery is low
  • be switched off in unauthorised places such as banks, planes, fuel stations and places of meetings

   

  • Telephone

  Telephone handsets should:

  
  
  • not be dropped
  • be repaired by a qualified person
  • not be used for too long to minimise telephone bills

   

  • Fax machine

  Fax machine should:

  • always remain connected and switched on
  • have enough paper for receiving documents
  • always have enough toner
  • be repaired by a qualified person

   

  • Television set

  Television sets should be:

  • connected to the power supply
  • handled with care
  • repaired by a qualified person
  • switched off during lightning
  • only operated by a person who knows how to do it

   

  DESIGNING INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES
  Designing new information and communication technologies involves a number of steps.

  These include:

  • identifying the problem
  • doing research
  • planning
  • outlining the technological process
  • making the technological device
  • testing the technological device
  • evaluating the technological process

   

• teenage pregnancies

• rape

• contraction of HIV that mau lead to AIDS

DEALING WITH PROBLEMS YOUNG PEOPLE EXPERIENCE

• abstinence

• guidance and counseling

• acquisition of life skills UNIT 2 PERSONAL HYGIENE

EXAMPLES OF GOOD HEALTH HABITS

• proper handling of food

• good eating habits

• eating nutritious food

• washing hands

• cleaning teeth

• doing physical exercises

• rest and sleep

CULTURAL PRACTICES THAT AFFECT GOOD HEALTH HABITS

• not bathing

• not eating certain food

• wife inheritance ( chokolo)

• swapping of spouses

• sexual partners ( chimwanamaye) UNIT. 3   SANITATION

What is sanitation ?

Sanitation is the care of people's surrounding TYPES OF SANITATION

• good sanitation

• bad sanitation

Examples of good sanitation practices

• proper use of the toilets

• proper use of bathrooms

• proper use of rubbish pit

Below is a table illustrating specific waste from various sources

TOILETS

Toilets help proper disposal of body wastes TYPES OF TOILETS
There are two types of toilets. These are

• Pit latrines

• Water closets

BATHROOMS
There are three types of bathrooms. These are

• Shower

• Bathtub

• Bath shelter RABBISH PITS

All litter and rubbish swept in the home and school should be put in the rubbish pit

UNIT 4 SELF AWARENESS

What is self awareness ?

Is the ability to assess one self in terms of strengths and weakness CHARACTERISTICS OF A PERSON WITH A POSITIVE SELF AWARENESSES

• the person accept responsibilities

• the person makes independent decisions

• the person accepts criticism

THE IMPORTANCE OF SELF AWERANESS

Self awareness is important in that it assists one to develop a consious and honest understanding and evaluation of oneself. One is able to discover one's capabilities, likes,dislikes and values
UNIT 5 SELF ESTEEM

What is self-esteem ?

Self-esteem is the value an individual places on oneself THE IMPORTANCE OF SELF-ESTEEM

• being accepted by others

• being shown love and care

• being rewarded by others for success

• achievements

FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE LOW SELF-ESTEEM

• frequent failures

• exposure to negative comments

• loss of close family member or friends

• gender inequality

• poverty

• abuse

• loneliness

UNIT 6 ASERTIVENESS

Assertiveness is being able to convey one's views and feelings to others without fear THE IMPORTANCE OF ASSERTIVENESS

• avoiding social and health problems

• achieving one's goals

• promoting honest relationships

• Maintaining personal identity

FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE ASSERTIVENESS

• prior knowledge